วันศุกร์ที่ 29 สิงหาคม พ.ศ. 2551
วันอาทิตย์ที่ 3 มิถุนายน พ.ศ. 2550
School
A school is an institution where pupils/students learn from teachers. In most systems of formal education, students progress through a series of schools: primary school, secondary school, and possibly University or vocational school. A school may also be dedicated to one particular field, such as a school of economics or a school of dance. In home schooling and online schools, teaching and learning take place outside of a traditional school building.
Regional varieties
A madrasah in the Gambia
In the United Kingdom, the term school refers primarily to pre-university institutions, and these can, for the most part, be divided into pre-schools or nursery schools, primary schools (sometimes further divided into infant school and junior school), and secondary schools which are termed 'high school', 'academy', 'comprehensive' or 'grammar'. In Scotland school performance is monitored by Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Education. Ofsted reports on performance in England and Wales.
In much of the Commonwealth of Nations, including Australia, New Zealand, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Kenya, and Tanzania, the term school refers primarily to pre-university institutions.
In North America, the term school can refer to any institute of education, at any level, and covers all of the following: preschool (for toddlers), kindergarten, elementary school, middle school (also called intermediate school or junior high school, depending on specific age groups and geographic region), senior high school, college, university, and graduate school.
In the US, school performance through high school is monitored by each state's Department of Education. Many of the earlier public schools in the United States were one-room schools where a single teacher taught seven grades of boys and girls in the same classroom. Beginning in the 1920s, one-room schools were consolidated into multiple classroom facilities with transportation increasingly provided by kid hacks and school buses.
In much of continental Europe, the term school usually applies to primary education, with primary schools that last between six and nine years, depending on the country. It also applies to secondary education, with secondary schools often divided between Gymnasiums and vocational schools, which again depending on country and type of school take between three and six years. The term school is rarely used for tertiary education, except for some upper or high schools (German: Hochschule) which are more accurately translated as colleges
School sizes and structures
School in rural Sudan, 2002
The size and scope of schools varies depending on the resources and goals of the communities that provide for them. A school might be simply an outdoor meeting spot where one teacher comes to instruct a few students, or, alternatively, a large campus consisting of hundreds of buildings and tens of thousands of students and educators.
The basic unit of a school building is the classroom, where the act of instruction takes place. Every school will use space in a different way depending upon the design of the building and the needs of the school and the children. A combination of some of the following areas will be found in schools:
a cafeteria (Commons), dining hall or canteen where students eat lunch.
an athletic field, playground, gym, and/or track for students participating in sports or physical education.
an auditorium or hall where student theatrical or musical productions can be staged and where all-school events such as assemblies are held.
an office where the administrative work of the school is done.
a library where students consult and check out books.
specialist classrooms including laboratories for science education.
Boarding schools, where students live full-time amongst their peers, will also include dormitories.
Regional varieties
A madrasah in the Gambia
In the United Kingdom, the term school refers primarily to pre-university institutions, and these can, for the most part, be divided into pre-schools or nursery schools, primary schools (sometimes further divided into infant school and junior school), and secondary schools which are termed 'high school', 'academy', 'comprehensive' or 'grammar'. In Scotland school performance is monitored by Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Education. Ofsted reports on performance in England and Wales.
In much of the Commonwealth of Nations, including Australia, New Zealand, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Kenya, and Tanzania, the term school refers primarily to pre-university institutions.
In North America, the term school can refer to any institute of education, at any level, and covers all of the following: preschool (for toddlers), kindergarten, elementary school, middle school (also called intermediate school or junior high school, depending on specific age groups and geographic region), senior high school, college, university, and graduate school.
In the US, school performance through high school is monitored by each state's Department of Education. Many of the earlier public schools in the United States were one-room schools where a single teacher taught seven grades of boys and girls in the same classroom. Beginning in the 1920s, one-room schools were consolidated into multiple classroom facilities with transportation increasingly provided by kid hacks and school buses.
In much of continental Europe, the term school usually applies to primary education, with primary schools that last between six and nine years, depending on the country. It also applies to secondary education, with secondary schools often divided between Gymnasiums and vocational schools, which again depending on country and type of school take between three and six years. The term school is rarely used for tertiary education, except for some upper or high schools (German: Hochschule) which are more accurately translated as colleges
School sizes and structures
School in rural Sudan, 2002
The size and scope of schools varies depending on the resources and goals of the communities that provide for them. A school might be simply an outdoor meeting spot where one teacher comes to instruct a few students, or, alternatively, a large campus consisting of hundreds of buildings and tens of thousands of students and educators.
The basic unit of a school building is the classroom, where the act of instruction takes place. Every school will use space in a different way depending upon the design of the building and the needs of the school and the children. A combination of some of the following areas will be found in schools:
a cafeteria (Commons), dining hall or canteen where students eat lunch.
an athletic field, playground, gym, and/or track for students participating in sports or physical education.
an auditorium or hall where student theatrical or musical productions can be staged and where all-school events such as assemblies are held.
an office where the administrative work of the school is done.
a library where students consult and check out books.
specialist classrooms including laboratories for science education.
Boarding schools, where students live full-time amongst their peers, will also include dormitories.
วันจันทร์ที่ 28 พฤษภาคม พ.ศ. 2550
Insurance
Insurance, in law and economics, is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent loss. Insurance is defined as the equitable transfer of the risk of a potential loss, from one entity to another, in exchange for a premium. Insurer, in economics, is the company that sells the insurance. Insurance rate is a factor used to determine the amount, called the premium, to be charged for a certain amount of insurance coverage. Risk management, the practice of appraising and controlling risk, has evolved as a discrete field of study and practice.
When is a Policy Really Insurance?
“Insurance provides indemnification against loss or liability from specified events and circumstances that may occur or be discovered during a specified period. ”
-- FASB Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 113, “Accounting for Reinsurance of Short-Duration and Long-Duration Contracts” December 1992
An operational definition of insurance is that it is
the benefit provided by a particular kind of indemnity contract, called an insurance policy;
that is issued by one of several kinds of legal entities (stock company, mutual company, reciprocal, or Lloyds organization, for example), any of which may be called an insurer;
in which the insurer promises to pay on behalf of or to indemnify another party, called a policyholder or insured;
that protects the insured against loss caused by those perils subject to the indemnity in exchange for consideration known as an insurance premium.
In recent years this kind of operational definition proved inadequate as a result of contracts that had the form but not the substance of insurance. The essence of insurance is the transfer of risk from the insured to one or more insurers. How much risk a contract actually transfers proved to be at the heart of the controversy.
This issue arose most clearly in reinsurance, where the use of Financial Reinsurance to reengineer insurer balance sheets under US GAAP became fashionable during the 1980s. The accounting profession raised serious concerns about the use of reinsurance in which little if any actual risk was transferred, and went on to address the issue in FAS 113, cited above. While on its face, FAS 113 is limited to accounting for reinsurance transactions, the guidance it contains is generally conceded to be equally applicable to US GAAP accounting for insurance transactions executed by commericial enterprises.
When is a Policy Really Insurance?
“Insurance provides indemnification against loss or liability from specified events and circumstances that may occur or be discovered during a specified period. ”
-- FASB Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 113, “Accounting for Reinsurance of Short-Duration and Long-Duration Contracts” December 1992
An operational definition of insurance is that it is
the benefit provided by a particular kind of indemnity contract, called an insurance policy;
that is issued by one of several kinds of legal entities (stock company, mutual company, reciprocal, or Lloyds organization, for example), any of which may be called an insurer;
in which the insurer promises to pay on behalf of or to indemnify another party, called a policyholder or insured;
that protects the insured against loss caused by those perils subject to the indemnity in exchange for consideration known as an insurance premium.
In recent years this kind of operational definition proved inadequate as a result of contracts that had the form but not the substance of insurance. The essence of insurance is the transfer of risk from the insured to one or more insurers. How much risk a contract actually transfers proved to be at the heart of the controversy.
This issue arose most clearly in reinsurance, where the use of Financial Reinsurance to reengineer insurer balance sheets under US GAAP became fashionable during the 1980s. The accounting profession raised serious concerns about the use of reinsurance in which little if any actual risk was transferred, and went on to address the issue in FAS 113, cited above. While on its face, FAS 113 is limited to accounting for reinsurance transactions, the guidance it contains is generally conceded to be equally applicable to US GAAP accounting for insurance transactions executed by commericial enterprises.
วันพุธที่ 16 พฤษภาคม พ.ศ. 2550
iPod
iPod is a brand of portable media players designed and marketed by Apple and launched in October 2001. Devices in the iPod range are primarily digital audio players, designed around a central click wheel — with exception to the iPod Shuffle, which uses buttons because of its size. As of October 2005, the line-up consists of the video-capable fifth generation iPod, the smaller iPod nano, and the display-less iPod shuffle. The full-sized model stores media on an internal hard drive, while the smaller iPod nano and iPod shuffle use flash memory. Like many digital music players, iPods can also serve as external data storage devices. In January 2007, Apple announced the iPhone, a device that combined the features of the video-capable iPod with mobile phone and mobile Internet capabilities.
Apple's iTunes software is used to transfer music to the devices. As a free jukebox application, iTunes stores an entire music library on the user's computer and can play, burn, and rip music from a CD. It can also transfer photos, videos, games, and calendars to the models that support them.
Apple focused its development on the iPod's unique user interface and its ease of use, rather than on technical capability. As of October 2004, the iPod is the world's best-selling range of digital audio players and its worldwide mainstream adoption made it one of the most popular consumer brands. Some of Apple's design choices and proprietary actions have, however, led to criticism and legal battles.
On Monday, April 9, 2007, Apple announced that over 100 million iPods had been sold worldwide.[1] This makes the iPod the best-selling music player in history.
Apple's iTunes software is used to transfer music to the devices. As a free jukebox application, iTunes stores an entire music library on the user's computer and can play, burn, and rip music from a CD. It can also transfer photos, videos, games, and calendars to the models that support them.
Apple focused its development on the iPod's unique user interface and its ease of use, rather than on technical capability. As of October 2004, the iPod is the world's best-selling range of digital audio players and its worldwide mainstream adoption made it one of the most popular consumer brands. Some of Apple's design choices and proprietary actions have, however, led to criticism and legal battles.
On Monday, April 9, 2007, Apple announced that over 100 million iPods had been sold worldwide.[1] This makes the iPod the best-selling music player in history.
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